Thursday, October 22, 2015

The Venerable Toyota 1NZ-FE: Old. Reliable. Tunable?

Toyota 1NZ-FE engine
The Toyota 1NZ-FE under the hood of a 2016 Toyota Yaris
By

With its 16-valves, dual-overhead cams, VVT-i (variable valve timing with intelligence), and an output of 106 hp and 103 lb/ft of torque (give or take a couple depending on the year and application), the venerable Toyota 1NZ-FE engine made its debut in the 2000 Echo in the U.S. At the time, there weren't a whole lot of engines under 1.6 liters, with the exception of the Chevrolet Metro, Ford Aspire, Honda Insight hybrid, Hyundai Accent, and Kia Rio. But let's face it: That was nearly 16 years ago. Yet it's still for sale with few changes. Why does Toyota still use it? Cost. Reliability. Efficiency. But this stoic little engine is more than just that. Let's look at some more history, shall we?



The 1NZ-FE-powered Echo was built from 2000 to 2005 and used in a host of other vehicles in Japan and Asia. In 2004, two other 1NZ-FE-powered cars sprung up: the boxy Scion xB and wedge-shaped Scion xA. While not powerhouses, they didn't require much momentum to get moving, and the 1NZ-FE was a fine engine choice. Plus, these cars had relatively short gearing to compensate for the lower power, courtesy of a five-speed manual or four-speed automatic. These cars were discontinued after MY2006, but that wasn't the end of this engine.

In 2006, the 1NZ-FE appeared under the hood of the Toyota Yaris in Canada and 2007 in the U.S. And yes, it has resided there ever since—and still soldiers on in the 2016 Yaris.

This mill has received only a few tweaks since its introduction in 2000, such as a revised fly-by-wire throttle. But really, the engine is quite simple, it's extremely reliable, durable, and still delivers fuel economy on par with newer engines. Plus, since Toyota has generally kept vehicles, such as the Yaris/Vitz, fairly light weight, there hasn't been much of a need to bump up to something like the 1.8-liter 2ZR-FE that's found in the Scion xD and Corolla. (Toyota did offer a 2ZR-FE-powered Yaris in other parts of the world as the Yaris T-Sport.) There's no fancy valve lift, there's no modern direct injection. No turbocharging. It's an honest, simple engine. But it's also being used by some unlikely people: Racers.

Tag Rally Sport Toyota Yaris Rally Car
Tag Rally Sport Toyota Yaris rally car from the 2015 Oregon Trail rally.
Though some may call it dated, the engine still powers race cars around the world, including Yaris/Vits cup cars, the Tag Rally Sport Yaris rally car and Jason Isley's Pacific Coast Road Racing Championship-winning 2015 Yaris race car. We talked to Jason a bit about his experience running the 1NZ-FE engine in a modern race car.

Jason Isley's Yaris Race Car
Jason Isley's 1NZ-FE-powered Toyota Yaris race car
"We have found the 1NZ-FE to be a great platform for the Yaris, and not just because the SCCA H Production class rules require we use it. It's durable and responds very favorably to tuning," said Jason.

Jason remarks that the car is tuned very conservatively from the factory, but with just a piggyback ECU, you can unlock more power than most bolt-on mods combined. He reassured me that there's a lot of room left in the fuel and ignition programming, and the car can take a good bit more than the stock rev limit allows for. In fact, they've been running their 1NZ-FE up to 7,500 RPM for years without issue. He also mentioned they'ed been working with Jesse Prather Motorsports, who helped to build an engine for the 2015 Runoffs at Daytona.

"We weren't specifically looking for more power ... but needed the engine to take 8,500–9,000 RPM due to gearing limitations," he said.

Jason had custom pistons made and upgraded the valve springs to take the extra revs. They did find the OE intake system (which they are required to use for H Production class vehicles) wouldn't build power over 7,800 RPM. It'd still spin 9,000 RPM on the dyno and held up at a sustained 8,600 RPM blasts at Daytona.

"Without class specific rules, the 1NZ-FE has some real potential."

And don't just take Jason's word for it.

This little mill has also been tuned to crazy levels by former Micro Image owner, Garm Beall, who squeezed 357 horsepower out of his little 1.5-liter mill and made sub 13-second quarter-mile passes. See for yourself:


But with increasingly efficient and tech-heavy small engines featuring more power and fuel economy, how long can the 1NZ-FE survive in the competitive subcompact market? If I had to guess, probably not too much longer. I'd say the engine will bow out of the lineup when the next generation Yaris debuts (2017?). But who knows? Maybe it'll keep going and going and going. If not in North America, perhaps in other markets.

Maybe the 1NZ-FE gets a bad rap because of its age, its dated five-speed manual and four-speed automatic transmissions, and because it doesn't have a turbocharger, direct injection, variable lift, or other modern engine accouterments. But has anyone ever thought that maybe it doesn't need them? If the engine is serving its purpose and its niche, then why change it?

Toyota generally runs its engine families for quite a long time, and the 1NZ-FE exemplifies that. Thankfully, it's a good little mill that's up to a number of tasks.They're cheap to maintain, run forever, are fairly responsive, and as we've seen, can be heavily modified. Maybe this engine is destined to be a classic Toyota powerplant like the 4AG-E or the 3-TC. Regardless, it's here, it's reliable, and it's thrifty—a perfect powerplant for small Toyotas.

27 comments:

nlpnt said...

If it ain't broke, don't fix it.

Anime Gee said...

I wonder if they every fixed the throttle lag. I drove a 2007 Yaris for about 4 months. It was a fun blast. I was surprised at how well it handled, given that A) this car was originally not intended to be a handling car & B) I'm coming from a Miata.

My only gripe was the throttle lag. Man! It was awful. Whenever I would step on the gas, it was like there was some kind of messenger service that had to run back & forth to get permission or something. It would go something like this. I would hit the gas, the gas pedal would ask for permission from the ECU, the ECU would think about it for a minute, then it would relay the message back to the pedal stating that it was OK to go. Hahaha!

But yeah! Fantastic little car & engine otherwise.

Unknown said...

Great engine. And reliable as possible. That's why I bought a 15 Yaris SE. Specifically, for the engine and the decades of reliable service it will provide to me. Don't know of any other at that price point that is that durable.

Unknown said...

I've got this engine in a 2000 toyota echo with the 5 speed transmission and its been the most reliable engine I've ever owned having the car for 6 years now even with 182,000 miles it's still peppy when you Rev it out.

Anonymous said...

whatch this :https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vEsZMtswnvk , a twin engine Echo from Lac st-Jean . Ok start the vid at 2:05 cause ( yes ) here in Qc we talk french and there a lot of bla bla before 2:00

Unknown said...

I have a 2010 3-door automatic 95K on ir and I don't notice a throttle lag, at least not to the extreme of my 2004 F150 4.6 w/AT and 4x4. I do know my traction control does limit first gear power output, I put some Altimax Arctic on 14" echo wheels and can push snow with the front bumper! In 95K I have done dozens of oil changes, put a HVAC fan, and a set of front brakes, 4 new spark plugs, an alternator belt, couple of air filters and a new set of summer tires. The only thing NOT a routine maint item was the HVAC fan, and it was like 60 bucks...Yaris = SIMPLE, Reliable, and inexpensive to maintain. I will buy another if/when this one wears out!

Fulton J. Waterloo said...

So these cars have iron cylinder liners? Do they burn any oil?

Unknown said...

Yes they have iron liners, I do not know anyone burning oil...At least not like older Corollas and Camrys.

cRiPpLe_rOoStEr a.k.a. Kamikaze said...

Since the American market doesn't penalize engines with a comparatively larger displacement like it's done nearly elsewhere, and this engine caters to no-frills models for which the ease of servicing and the suitability to lower-grade fuel and oil become valuable assets, the 1NZ-FE is likely to remain available as long as it meets the emission standards. BTW some of the downsized engines fitted to models from other manufacturers are now having issues with NOx and even PM emissions which used to be a Diesel issue.

Unknown said...

My buddy has a 2007 Yaris with 440k miles, as his daily driver. It does but a lot of oil, but we can’t figure out where it’s going. No oil leaks, or strawberry milkshake. No black smoke from the exhaust either.

Anonymous said...

I am still driving toyota sedan powered by the 1NZ-FE engine mated to 5 speed forward manual transmission system.
It has covered 220,000km during its service time of almost 11.5 years. Confident of more good years with this arrangement.

I've upgraded lubrication oil for 1NZ FE from 5W40 to 0W30. It passed its mandatory vehicle inspection with a lower noise emission. I almost fainted.

The optimal point of aerodynamic drag plus rolling resistance vs gearing-efficiency vs engine pumping loss appears to be optimal at vehicle speed of 70-80kph. Furthermore, if you are skillful with clutch manipulation plus patient acceleration, this powertrain can achieve no lesser than 20km per litre of gas.

Toyota should simply continue using the 1NZFE.

Unknown said...

I'm running a scion xb with the 5spd manual.I have nearly 300,000mi on the odometer and the engine is still going strong. I did some suspension mods, a cold air intake, a piggy back ignition mod, better spark plugs, wrapped the exhaust header.... but basically nothing to the engines internals. It DOES consume about a quart of oil about 1 or 2 months but no leaks or thick smoke. The lousy catalitic converter is "not at peak efficiency" anymore either... but it still runs...strong.. It DOES take its time thinking about accelerating at low rpm but if you keep the revs above 3 grand it is a surprising engine that holds its own against many larger displacement vehicles. It makes a great first engine to learn with too.
I hope it proves to be an evergreen model and continues for a long time.

Unknown said...

Boosting my xa what injectors to run with?

TheOriginalOmz said...

@unknown use toyota 2zz injectors for fairly low boost (9psi)

Anonymous said...

2006 Echo - 497,000 km and still running like a top - burns zero oil - no dash lights on - LOTS of FUN to throw around : ))))

cRiPpLe_rOoStEr a.k.a. Kamikaze said...

Its replacement in Europe, at least for the Yaris, is a 3-cyl derivative of the new Dynamic Force engine fitted to the E210 Corolla, but the good old 1NZ-FE is soldiering on in China, Southeast Asia and selected Latin American markets.

Unknown said...

i have a 2008 yaris with around 197k miles on it and it's still going strong

Matt2666 said...

Yes they start to burn oil at 150k if the oil has not been kept clean for the life of the engine every 3,000 miles

Anonymous said...

391k on my 08 Yaris 1NZ-FE. This daily driver bangs through the gears with ease on the 5 speed manual.

Anonymous said...

May I ask what piggy back ecu did you use? I am having some issues and told I need 2 purchase 1. But have no luck finding something compatible

Anonymous said...

I have a 2006 Scion xa with 222222 miles on it. It runs like new and uses no oil.

Anonymous said...

I drive a Toyota vios 2004. Never stalled and never had any serious issue. Still running great after 5 years(second hand) with 290K miles.

Anonymous said...

I heard from people if you change the throttle body to the 1zz or something like that and something else it can help it an another little mod you can do to make the throttle more responsive

Anonymous said...

Dude! You’re like my brother from another mother! I too have a 1NZFE powering a e140/150 Fielder (2008 Toyota Corolla estate/wagon) with 5 speed manual. I bought it used from Japan with 55,000km on it. Car now has 110,000km on it. Zero oil consumption. 8000 km oil changes with Shell HX7 10W40 semi synthetic.
When I first got the car, driving around I felt that something wasn’t right. The car acted like it was slightly choking on something. I had some mechanics pull apart my exhaust and found the problem. Somewhere before I got the car, someone gutted both cats and replaced it with steel wool. The wool just got more and more clogged up over time. So I investigated restoring the cats. It was ridiculously expensive so I said forget it. I had the mechanic clear out all the wool so I essentially now have 2 hollow mufflers where the cats used to be. The car came alive after that.
I agree with your assessment, cruising at 60 to 80 km/h gets 20+ km/L consumption. I live in a tropical hot climate and did some other mods: the air intake from the air filter box to the actual snorkel behind the headlight was over 4 feet long! I cut over half of it off. 2 feet. What changed? Before on the highway, I never heard the engine at all. Now, when accelerating, I hear this mute growl. It’s wonderful. Reducing the intake length also improved throttle response significantly. Another mod I did was to bypass the coolant lines from the throttle body. That change gave me a subtly stronger bottom end, I could hold the car in higher gear longer (like 3rd instead of 2nd) at lower rpms for better fuel economy. After those mods, on one short one 1 hour trip doing leisurely 60 to 80 km/h I was astonished to see 26 to 28km/L from my car computer. I quote only the average fuel economy readings, not the instantaneous.

Especially with the shorter intake and freer exhaust this 1NZFE really sings now

Anonymous said...

Proud owner of a 2006 Scion xB 5MT. Owned it since new. It is the ABSOLUTE best car I've ever owned. 177K now. Very little maintenance needed. Oil changes at 3k. Fantastic solid engine. It was my commuter for 17 years. It now has been completely redone into Ken Block themed Micro Camper as a retirement project. No expense spared. These great engines tuned. I have a custom intake with a Blitz filter and a hybrid Top mount intake, Piggy back ECU with a custom tune, Revel Medal exhaust and Koni Orange struts/shocks on Tein springs. Reggamaster whites 15x7.5 wheels on Hankook 205/45-15s. DBA slotted rotors. Engine can easily rev to 7000k and beyond on stock internals. The stage 2 clutch can chirp and pull right through 3rd gear. I love it! Oh, compression is 180-178 psi! Amazing at 177k!..New NGK platinum plugs, keep that TB clean too! Timing chain is well within specs. Take it to Cars and Coffee in its original Polar White with Hoonigan graphics kit. Gets load of compliments. 1NZ-FE!!!

Anonymous said...

The lag is probably by design. Early 1NZs had a throttle cable which gave you direct control over the throttle. Later 1NZs used an electronic throttle, meaning you can do whatever you want with the gas pedal, but the car responds to it more as a request than a command. Additionally these are economy engines, they purposely design they to not have responsive throttle. Cars with responsive throttle get driven more aggressively which leads to worse fuel economy. It very difficult trying to explain to someone upset their new economy car's bad fuel economy is because of their driving . Much easier to make a car with imput lag that you get accustomed to, and just drive it more sensibly.

cRiPpLe_rOoStEr a.k.a. Kamikaze said...

Maybe the CVT is better suited (and the electronic control properly integrated to the engine) to overcome such throttle delay. My latest experience with this engine was a 2019 Brazilian Yaris (which was based on the Thai model), and its acceleration was not so sluggish even if RPM stayed at a moderate level. Odd enough, the very same car when driven by my mother tended to have the engine revving harder and definitely not in a sluggish way. Throttle was also electronic BTW.